Antifungal Management in Patients with Hematological Malignancies: From Primary Prophylaxis to Empirical and Diagnosis-Driven Treatment Hematolojik Maligniteli Hastalarda Antifungal Yönetim: Primer Profilaksi, Ampirik Tedavi ve Tanı Odaklı Yaklaşımlar
Turkish Journal of Hematology, cilt.43, sa.3, ss.250-261, 2026 (SCI-Expanded, Scopus, TRDizin)
- Yayın Türü: Makale / Tam Makale
- Cilt numarası: 43 Sayı: 3
- Basım Tarihi: 2026
- Doi Numarası: 10.4274/tjh.galenos.2026.32559
- Dergi Adı: Turkish Journal of Hematology
- Derginin Tarandığı İndeksler: Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED), Scopus, CINAHL, EMBASE, MEDLINE, Directory of Open Access Journals, TR DİZİN (ULAKBİM), Academic Search Ultimate (EBSCO), Middle East & Africa Database (ProQuest), Biomedical Reference Collection: Corporate Edition (EBSCO), Health Research Premium Collection (ProQuest)
- Sayfa Sayıları: ss.250-261
- Anahtar Kelimeler: Antifungal prophylaxis, CAR-T cell therapy, CD19-directed therapies, Hematological malignancies, Invasive fungal infections, Posaconazole, Risk stratification, Venetoclax
- Açık Arşiv Koleksiyonu: AVESİS Açık Erişim Koleksiyonu
- Hacettepe Üniversitesi Adresli: Evet
Özet
Invasive fungal diseases (IFDs) remain a significant cause of morbidity and mortality among patients with hematological malignancies, especially those undergoing intensive chemotherapy or hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). This text provides a comprehensive risk-adapted framework for antifungal prophylaxis, stratifying patients into high-, intermediate-, and low-risk categories. Mold-active prophylaxis, primarily with posaconazole, is recommended for high-risk patients such as those with acute myeloid leukemia during remission induction or those with grade III-IV graft-versus-host disease following allogeneic HSCT. Fluconazole remains an option for yeast-active prophylaxis in intermediate-risk patients, while low-risk groups generally do not require prophylaxis. The evolving landscape of targeted therapies such as venetoclax, FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 inhibitors, and CD19 chimeric antigen receptor T-cell (CAR-T) therapy poses new challenges, particularly due to drug-drug interactions with triazole antifungals. In patients receiving venetoclax, azole co-administration necessitates significant dose adjustments. We also present algorithms for antifungal management in the context of CD19 CAR-T therapy and novel agents, emphasizing the role of individualized risk assessment. Beyond prophylaxis, timely diagnosis and early treatment of IFDs are critical. The role of thoracic computed tomography, serum and bronchoalveolar lavage galactomannan, and fungal biomarkers is discussed within diagnostic-driven strategies. We outline treatment pathways for suspected pulmonary or sinus fungal infections, including when to escalate antifungal therapy or consider surgical intervention. This content offers a practical and evidence-based guide for clinicians navigating antifungal strategies in a rapidly changing therapeutic landscape, aiming to reduce IFD-related mortality while balancing toxicity, resistance, and healthcare costs.