Time-use emissions in Türkiye: An exploration by employment status and gender

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Öztürk Gündoğdu B., Gürer E.

ODTÜ Gelişme Dergisi, no.52(1), pp.153-179, 2025 (Peer-Reviewed Journal)

• Publication Type: Article / Article
• Publication Date: 2025
• Journal Name: ODTÜ Gelişme Dergisi
• Page Numbers: pp.153-179
• Hacettepe University Affiliated: Yes

Abstract

We combine EXIOBASE3, Household Budget Surveys, and Time-Use Surveys to examine time-use emissions in Türkiye. Our main finding is that essential personal time activities—particularly basic eating and drinking—account for a much larger share of emissions in Türkiye than in wealthier economies, even though they occupy a comparable share of daily time, highlighting unique challenges and policy areas for emission reduction in a developing country context. We also identify other key time-use activities driving emissions across employment and gender groups. Policy implications are discussed.