Integration of low-cost GNSS and smartphone-derived acceleration for horizontal and vertical dynamic displacement monitoring: Shake table experiments
Measurement: Journal of the International Measurement Confederation, cilt.290, 2026 (SCI-Expanded, Scopus)
- Yayın Türü: Makale / Tam Makale
- Cilt numarası: 290
- Basım Tarihi: 2026
- Doi Numarası: 10.1016/j.measurement.2026.122951
- Dergi Adı: Measurement: Journal of the International Measurement Confederation
- Derginin Tarandığı İndeksler: Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED), Scopus, Compendex, INSPEC, Academic Search Ultimate (EBSCO), Engineering Source (EBSCO), Materials Science & Engineering Collection (ProQuest), Technology Collection (ProQuest)
- Anahtar Kelimeler: Dynamic displacement, Kalman filtering, Low-cost GNSS, Sensor integration, Smartphone-derived acceleration
- Hacettepe Üniversitesi Adresli: Evet
Özet
This study investigates the feasibility of monitoring dynamic deformations in both horizontal and vertical directions by integrating low-cost (LC) Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) observations with LC smartphone-derived acceleration. Experimental validation was conducted using single-axis shake tables. The displacement time series derived from the integrated system were evaluated against LC GNSS-only solutions and high-precision Linear Variable Differential Transformer (LVDT) measurements, which were used as the reference. Using the LVDT measurements as the reference, the GNSS&ACC integration reduced the mean RMSE relative to the LC GNSS-only solution from 2.9 to 2.1 mm in the horizontal experiments and from 3.0 to 2.5 mm in the vertical experiments, corresponding to improvements of 29% and 15%, respectively. For high-frequency motions between 1 and 3 Hz, the mean amplitude discrepancy at the dominant frequency decreased from 3.02 to 0.96 mm horizontally and from 0.95 to 0.47 mm vertically. These results provide controlled laboratory-scale evidence that smartphone-derived acceleration, when constrained by LC GNSS position updates, can improve short-term dynamic displacement estimates, particularly in high-frequency motions. However, the findings should be interpreted as a feasibility assessment rather than proof of operational reliability in real Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) deployments.