Effectiveness of Environmental Regulation in E7 and G7 Countries: Revisiting the Pollution Halo and Pollution Haven Hypothesis

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Bilgin E., Tekdemir N., Íyidoğan P. V.

Politicka Ekonomie, cilt.74, sa.4, ss.665-694, 2026 (SSCI, Scopus)

  • Yayın Türü: Makale / Tam Makale
  • Cilt numarası: 74 Sayı: 4
  • Basım Tarihi: 2026
  • Doi Numarası: 10.18267/j.polek.1537
  • Dergi Adı: Politicka Ekonomie
  • Derginin Tarandığı İndeksler: Social Sciences Citation Index (SSCI), Scopus, ABI/INFORM, EconLit, Political Science Complete, Political Science Abstract (IPSA)
  • Sayfa Sayıları: ss.665-694
  • Anahtar Kelimeler: dynamic panel threshold model, ecological footprint, environmental regulation, Foreign direct investment, pollution halo hypothesis, pollution haven hypothesis
  • Açık Arşiv Koleksiyonu: AVESİS Açık Erişim Koleksiyonu
  • Hacettepe Üniversitesi Adresli: Evet

Özet

This study examines the environmental impact of foreign direct investment (FDI) in E7 and G7 countries from 2005 to 2020 using the ecological footprint as a comprehensive indicator. Employing both linear and nonlinear dynamic panel models, the findings reveal that the environmental effects of FDI depend on the stringency and type of environmental regulation. In E7 countries, FDI tends to worsen environmental degradation under weak regulatory frameworks, providing partial support for the pollution haven hypothesis (PHV). In contrast, in G7 countries, FDI contributes to environmental improvement when market-based and technology-oriented policies surpass certain thresholds, aligning with the pollution halo hypothesis (PHL). The study disaggregates the OECD Environmental Policy Stringency Index (EPS) and identifies regime-dependent effects of FDI across different policy types. It is asserted that while non-market-based policies are more effective in E7 countries, market-based instruments have a larger influence on the environment in G7 economies. Our paper also acknowledges theoretical limitations of the PHV and the PHL, including assumptions of industry mobility, and suggests alternative mechanisms such as technology spillovers. Overall, the results emphasize the importance of context-sensitive policy design to ensure that FDI supports environmental sustainability goals. AI usage statement: The authors confirm that no artificial intelligence (AI) or AI-assisted tools were used in the creation of this manuscript.