Research Information System
Sensors (Basel, Switzerland), vol.26, no.7, 2026 (SCI-Expanded, Scopus)
This study addresses the automatic classification of sugar beet seeds according to their spraying levels using RGB images, aiming to enable a fast, practical, and non-destructive early warning system without chemical analysis. A dataset of 16,519 seed images acquired under controlled lighting conditions was used to evaluate YOLOv8-CLS and YOLO11-CLS architectures, including the n, s, m, l, and x scale variants within the Ultralytics framework. All experiments were conducted using a 10-fold cross-validation strategy, with models trained under different batch size and learning rate configurations. The results indicate that both architectures achieve reliable performance, with accuracy values ranging from approximately 78-83% for YOLOv8-CLS and 80-82% for YOLO11-CLS models. ROC-AUC scores consistently above 0.94 demonstrate strong inter-class discrimination. Misclassification analysis shows that errors mainly occur between visually similar intermediate treatment levels, particularly 25% and 50%. Despite this challenge, low log-loss values and balanced precision-recall profiles indicate stable decision behavior. Overall, the findings confirm that sugar beet seed treatment levels can be effectively distinguished using only RGB imagery, providing a potentially low-cost and scalable approach for early warning and quality control in seed treatment processes.