Can artificial intelligence provide reliable patient education in minimally invasive bunion surgery? A comparative study of ChatGPT 5.2 and Gemini
Foot and Ankle Surgery, 2026 (SCI-Expanded, Scopus)
- Publication Type: Article / Article
- Publication Date: 2026
- Doi Number: 10.1016/j.fas.2026.06.006
- Journal Name: Foot and Ankle Surgery
- Journal Indexes: Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED), Scopus, EMBASE, MEDLINE, Academic Search Ultimate (EBSCO)
- Keywords: Artificial intelligence, ChatGPT, Gemini, Hallux valgus, Minimally invasive surgery, Patient education
- Hacettepe University Affiliated: Yes
Abstract
Background Patients use artificial intelligence–based large language models (AI-LLMs) to research minimally invasive surgery (MIS) for hallux valgus; however, their reliability remains uninvestigated. Purpose To compare the quality and readability of ChatGPT and Gemini responses regarding MIS bunion surgery. Methods Ten frequently asked questions reflecting diverse clinical and procedural inquiries were submitted to ChatGPT and Gemini. Quality was assessed via DISCERN and 5-point Likert scales. Readability and actionability were evaluated using the Patient Education Materials Assessment Tool (PEMAT) and Flesch–Kincaid Reading Ease (FKRE). Results No significant differences existed between models (p > 0.05). Both exceeded sufficiency thresholds for DISCERN (49.7; 49) and Likert (5.0; 4.9). While understandability (85.9%; 83.3%) and FKRE (32.9; 33.5) met requirements, both failed actionability (38.3%; 34%). Conclusion Both AI models offer reliable, high-quality theoretical information regarding MIS hallux valgus surgery. However, they are insufficient in providing actionable guidance and exceed ideal reading complexity for general patient populations.