Research Information System
World Neurosurgery: X, vol.30, 2026 (ESCI, Scopus)
Objective: This study aims to review the applications and impact of three-dimensional (3D) digital modeling technologies in neurosurgery, including their roles in education, surgical planning, training, and intraoperative navigation. It aims to investigate current evidence on how 3D digital, augmented reality (AR), and virtual reality (VR) models have transformed neuroanatomical understanding and surgical workflows through interactive, patient-specific, anatomically precise representations of cerebral structures. Methods: The relevant literature investigated in this study included radiological reconstruction, photogrammetry-based modeling, and immersive visualization techniques, including AR, VR, and 3D printing. The main focus of the study was neuroanatomical education, surgical simulation, and intraoperative guidance, emphasizing integration of radiological data and photogrammetric methods into digital and printed 3D models. Results: Recent studies show that digital 3D models increase neuroanatomical understanding, intraoperative sensitivity, and facilitate pre-operative simulation. Integration of AR and VR enables real-time visualization of patient anatomy, supports surgical rehearsal, and strengthens spatial orientation during complex procedures. Photogrammetry and 3D printing allow the utilization of tactile, cost-effective models for educational and planning purposes. Despite these advances, challenges such as production costs, validation standards, and limited accessibility continue to be obstacles to adoption. Conclusion: 3D digital modeling and immersive visualization technologies have redefined neurosurgical education, planning, and navigation by linking theoretical anatomy with operative practice. Although clinical integration is still evolving, ongoing developments in segmentation software, AR/VR platforms, and 3D printing continue to enhance surgical safety, precision, and training. Interdisciplinary collaboration and technical refinement are essential to realizing their potential to advance neurosurgical excellence.