Turkey’s demographic structure is rapidly adapting to socio-economic changes and has undergone significant evolutions since the foundation of the Republic. In this process, Turkey’s demographic structure has been shaped by factors such as population growth, shifts in the rural-urban population balance in favor of urban areas, declining birth rates and infant mortality, and international migration. By examining the different phases of the demographic transition from a historical perspective, the study aims to contribute to the understanding of the present, to evaluate past developments and to make predictions about future population changes. The priority areas of Turkey’s demographic outlook in the 100th anniversary of the Republic are also set out in this context. Demographic changes in Turkey indicate that the increase in the mean age at first marriage and the aging of the population will continue, while the decline in fertility levels will be permanent. The working-age population will continue to increase until 2040-2050, and turning this into an opportunity will pave the way for economic growth. The increase in the elderly population will pose challenges in social services, care and health, while infant mortality rates, early marriages and challenges in family planning will remain on the agenda despite all developments. Another factor that will shape Turkey’s future demography will be whether the demographic behavior of Syrian migrants will adapt to Turkey’s demographic structure.