Research Information System
HYDROGEOLOGY JOURNAL, no.3, pp.755-779, 2025 (SCI-Expanded, Scopus)
A comprehensive conceptual hydrogeological model of the H & uuml;dai Geothermal Field (HGF), an important balneotherapy destination in western Turkey, has been developed from water chemistry and isotope data collected from springs and wells across different seasons. Temperature and specific electrical conductivity of the H & uuml;dai geothermal waters (HGWs) ranged from 65.4-82.4 degrees C and 1727-2156 mu S/cm at 25 degrees C, respectively. The cool waters are mainly Ca-HCO3/SO4 type and the hot waters are mainly Na-HCO3/SO4 type. The delta 18O and delta 2H data suggest a meteoric origin for all groundwater. Recharge elevations and temperatures of the groundwaters are inferred to be 2105-2385 m above sea level and 5.5-6.9 degrees C, respectively. The delta 13C data suggest that the source of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) in cool waters is plant root respiration, whereas a crustal source is suggested for the HGWs. The radiocarbon (14C) apparent ages of the DIC in the HGWs range from 28 to 48 ka, indicating groundwater recharge occurred throughout the late Pleistocene and early Holocene. The delta 34S values suggest that coal, magmatic rocks, shale and limestone are the most likely sources of sulfur in the HGWs, whereas sulfur in the cool waters is derived from terrestrial evaporite minerals. Silica geothermometers estimate reservoir temperatures varying between 73 and 116 degrees C. The maximum groundwater circulation depth is estimated to range from 0.93 to 2.09 km. The data suggest the HGF has been heated by crustal radioactive decay and heat flow linked with magmatism and metamorphism in western Anatolia during the late Miocene. Un mod & egrave;le hydrog & eacute;ologique conceptuel exhaustif du champ g & eacute;othermique de H & uuml;dai (HGF), une importante destination de baln & eacute;oth & eacute;rapie dans l'ouest de la Turquie, a & eacute;t & eacute; d & eacute;velopp & eacute; & agrave; partir de donn & eacute;es sur la chimie de l'eau et les isotopes des sources et des puits au cours de diff & eacute;rentes saisons. La temp & eacute;rature et la conductivit & eacute; & eacute;lectrique sp & eacute;cifique des eaux g & eacute;othermiques de H & uuml;dai (HGWs) variaient respectivement de 65.4 & agrave; 82.4 degrees C et de 1727 & agrave; 2156 mu S/cm & agrave; 25 degrees C. Les eaux froides sont principalement de type Ca-HCO3/SO4 et les eaux chaudes sont principalement de type Na-HCO3/SO4. Les donn & eacute;es delta 18O et delta 2H sugg & egrave;rent une origine m & eacute;t & eacute;orique pour toutes les eaux souterraines. Les altitudes et les temp & eacute;ratures de recharge des eaux souterraines sont estim & eacute;es respectivement & agrave; 2105-2385 m au-dessus du niveau de la mer et & agrave; 5.5-6.9 degrees C. Les donn & eacute;es delta 13C sugg & egrave;rent que la source de carbone inorganique dissous (CID) dans les eaux froides est la respiration des racines des plantes, tandis qu'une source crustale est sugg & eacute;r & eacute;e pour les HGWs. Les & acirc;ges apparents au radiocarbone (14C) du CID dans les HGWs varient de 28 & agrave; 48 ka, indiquant que la recharge des eaux souterraines s'est produite tout au long du Pl & eacute;istoc & egrave;ne tardif et du d & eacute;but de l'Holoc & egrave;ne. Les valeurs de delta 34S sugg & egrave;rent que le charbon, les roches magmatiques, le schiste et le calcaire sont les sources les plus probables de soufre dans les HGWs, tandis que le soufre dans les eaux froides provient des min & eacute;raux & eacute;vaporitiques terrestres. Les g & eacute;othermom & egrave;tres & agrave; silice estiment que les temp & eacute;ratures du r & eacute;servoir varient entre 73 et 116 degrees C. La profondeur maximale de circulation des eaux souterraines est estim & eacute;e entre 0.93 et 2.09 km. Les donn & eacute;es sugg & egrave;rent que le HGF a & eacute;t & eacute; chauff & eacute; par la d & eacute;sint & eacute;gration radioactive crustale et le flux de chaleur li & eacute; au magmatisme et au m & eacute;tamorphisme en Anatolie occidentale au cours du Mioc & egrave;ne sup & eacute;rieur. Un modelo hidrogeol & oacute;gico conceptual completo del campo geot & eacute;rmico de H & uuml;dai (HGF), un importante destino de balneoterapia en el oeste de Turqu & iacute;a, se ha desarrollado a partir de la qu & iacute;mica del agua y los datos isot & oacute;picos recogidos de manantiales y pozos a lo largo de diferentes estaciones. La temperatura y la conductividad el & eacute;ctrica espec & iacute;fica de las aguas geot & eacute;rmicas de H & uuml;dai (HGWs) oscilaron entre 65.4-82.4 degrees C y 1727-2156 mu S/cm a 25 degrees C, respectivamente. Las aguas fr & iacute;as son principalmente del tipo Ca-HCO3/SO4 y las aguas calientes son principalmente del tipo Na-HCO3/SO4. Los datos delta 18O y delta 2H sugieren un origen mete & oacute;rico para todas las aguas subterr & aacute;neas. Se deduce que las elevaciones y temperaturas de recarga de las aguas subterr & aacute;neas son de 2105-2385 m sobre el nivel del mar y de 5.5-6.9 degrees C, respectivamente. Los datos de delta 13C sugieren que la fuente de carbono inorg & aacute;nico disuelto (DIC) en las aguas fr & iacute;as es la respiraci & oacute;n de las ra & iacute;ces de las plantas, mientras que para las HGW se sugiere una fuente en la corteza terrestre. Las edades aparentes de radiocarbono (14C) del DIC en las HGW oscilan entre 28 y 48 ka, lo que indica que la recarga de las aguas subterr & aacute;neas se produjo durante el Pleistoceno tard & iacute;o y el Holoceno temprano. Los valores de delta 34S sugieren que el carb & oacute;n, las rocas magm & aacute;ticas, el esquisto y la caliza son las fuentes m & aacute;s probables de azufre en las HGW, mientras que el azufre de las aguas fr & iacute;as procede de minerales evapor & iacute;ticos terrestres. Los geoterm & oacute;metros de s & iacute;lice estiman que las temperaturas de los yacimientos var & iacute;an entre 73 y 116 degrees C. Se estima que la profundidad m & aacute;xima de circulaci & oacute;n de las aguas subterr & aacute;neas oscila entre 0.93 y 2.09 km. Los datos sugieren que el HGF ha sido calentado por la desintegraci & oacute;n radiactiva de la corteza y el flujo de calor relacionado con el magmatismo y el metamorfismo en Anatolia occidental durante el Mioceno tard & iacute;o. H & uuml;dai(sic)(sic)(sic)(HGF)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic).(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic),(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic).H & uuml;dai(sic)(sic)(sic)(HGWs)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)65.4-82.4 degrees C,(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)25 degrees C(sic)(sic)1727-2156 mu S/cm.(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)Ca-HCO3/SO4(sic),(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)Na-HCO3/SO4(sic).delta 18O(sic)delta 2H(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic) .(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)2105-2385 m,(sic)(sic)(sic)5.5-6.9 degrees C.delta 13C(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic),(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(DIC)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic),(sic)HGDW(sic)(sic)DIC(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic).HGWs(sic)DIC(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(14C)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)28(sic)48 ka,(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic).delta 34S(sic)(sic)(sic),HGDW(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic),(sic)(sic)(sic),(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic),(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic).(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)73(sic)116 degrees C(sic)(sic).(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)0.93(sic)2.09 km(sic)(sic).(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic),HGF(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)Anatolia(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic). Um modelo hidrogeol & oacute;gico conceitual abrangente do Campo Geot & eacute;rmico de H & uuml;dai (CGH), um importante destino de balneoterapia no oeste da Turquia, foi desenvolvido a partir de dados de qu & iacute;mica da & aacute;gua e is & oacute;topos coletados em nascentes e po & ccedil;os ao longo de diferentes esta & ccedil;& otilde;es. A temperatura e a condutividade el & eacute;trica espec & iacute;fica das & aacute;guas geot & eacute;rmicas de H & uuml;dai (AGHs) variaram de 65.4 a 82.4 degrees C e de 1727 a 2156 mu S/cm a 25 degrees C, respectivamente. As & aacute;guas frias s & atilde;o predominantemente do tipo Ca-HCO3/SO4, enquanto as & aacute;guas quentes s & atilde;o principalmente do tipo Na-HCO3/SO4. Os dados de delta O-1(8) e delta H-2 sugerem uma origem mete & oacute;rica para todas as & aacute;guas subterr & acirc;neas. As altitudes de recarga e as temperaturas das & aacute;guas subterr & acirc;neas foram estimadas entre 2105 e 2385 m acima do n & iacute;vel do mar e entre 5.5 e 6.9 degrees C, respectivamente. Os dados de delta C-1(3) sugerem que a fonte de carbono inorg & acirc;nico dissolvido (CID) nas & aacute;guas frias & eacute; a respira & ccedil;& atilde;o das ra & iacute;zes das plantas, ao passo que para as & aacute;guas geot & eacute;rmicas de H & uuml;dai (AGHs) & eacute; indicada uma origem crustal. As idades aparentes de radiocarbono (14C) do carbono inorg & acirc;nico dissolvido (DIC) nas AGHs variam de 28 a 48 ka, indicando que a recarga das & aacute;guas subterr & acirc;neas ocorreu ao longo do final do Pleistoceno e in & iacute;cio do Holoceno. Os valores de delta S-3(4) sugerem que carv & atilde;o, rochas magm & aacute;ticas, folhelho e calc & aacute;rio s & atilde;o as fontes mais prov & aacute;veis de enxofre nas AGHs, enquanto o enxofre nas & aacute;guas frias & eacute; derivado de minerais evapor & iacute;ticos terrestres. Os geoterm & ocirc;metros de s & iacute;lica estimam temperaturas do reservat & oacute;rio variando entre 73 e 116 degrees C. A profundidade m & aacute;xima de circula & ccedil;& atilde;o das & aacute;guas subterr & acirc;neas & eacute; estimada entre 0.93 e 2.09 km. Os dados sugerem que o CGH t & ecirc;m sido aquecido pelo decaimento radioativo crustal e pelo fluxo de calor associado ao magmatismo e metamorfismo no oeste da Anat & oacute;lia durante o final do Mioceno.