GAZI AKADEMIK BAKIS-GAZI ACADEMIC VIEW, cilt.12, sa.24, ss.245-279, 2019 (ESCI)
The policy of the Russian Empire led to the rise of the Muslim movement among the Muslims of Russia in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The Kazakh people were actively fighting for freedom and democracy. Muslim movement was influenced by Jadidism. Muslim struggle had taken place in the context of Jadidism. Close relations with the Ottoman Empire developed.